Why Are the Neuronal Processes Axons and Dendrites Called 'Processes'?

In the vast complexity of the nervous system, neurons interact with each other in an unimaginable scale. With approximately 100 million neurons and a staggering trillion connections, each individual instance of axons and dendrites is just a small piece in a much larger process of neural communication.

Unfortunate Nomenclature?

Some may try to justify the terms "axons" and "dendrites," but the labeling of these extensions of neurons as 'processes' could be seen as an unfortunate choice. Better terms could have been used to describe these various parts of a neuron. It’s surprising since biology is often considered to have excellent terminology compared to other sciences. For example, when it comes to the naming conventions in programming languages or software, there is a level of precision and clarity that is impressive.

The Evolution of the Term 'Process' in Linguistics

The term 'process' has a rich and diverse history. Originally, in the 14th century, it referred to action or progress. Over time, it has evolved to include the idea of an extension from the main body of a structure. For instance, the xiphoid process, which is the bony point attached to the lower end of the sternum, or the styloid processes of the skull, which are slender, stylus-like extensions of the temporal bones, serve as extensions from the main structure.

Similarly, axons and dendrites, being extensions arising from the cell body of a neuron, are referred to as the processes of the neuron. This nomenclature makes perfect sense given their role in carrying out signals and receiving information.

The Etymology of 'Process'

To truly understand why 'process' is used to describe axons and dendrites, we must explore its etymology. 'Process' comes from the root word 'procs' which meant "to carry forth" or "to go forward." In this context, axons and dendrites are indeed considered spatial processes, as they 'carry out' or 'go forward' from the cell body.

The etymology of words offers a wealth of information, revealing the hidden history and meaning behind them. It is fascinating and should be an integral part of educational curricula, particularly in high school, where students can gain a deeper appreciation for the language they use every day.

Understanding the etymology of 'process' enhances our comprehension of how these terms have shaped our understanding of neurons and their functions. It highlights the intricate and beautiful nature of the human cognitive system and serves as a reminder of the importance of precise terminology in scientific communication.