Is Zen Buddhism Non-Dualistic?

When discussing Zen Buddhism, it is crucial to understand the concept of non-dualism and how it differs from dualism. This article explores this nuanced aspect of Zen, clarifying the relationship between the mental and physical aspects of the self and the environment.

Defining Dualism and Non-Dualism

Dualism suggests that the physical and mental aspects are separate and distinct, albeit connected. In contrast, non-dualism posits that these aspects are interconnected and cannot be separated. Buddhism, in its entirety, is based on this principle of interconnectedness, viewing the nature of phenomena as non-dualistic.

Zen Buddhism and Non-Dualism

While many perceive Zen Buddhism as inherently non-dualistic, a closer examination reveals that it is actually dualistic in nature. Zen teaches that the voice and written sutras cannot convey the true essence, emphasizing the idea of silent transmission or mind-to-mind communication. This approach separates the physical voice or writing from the mental meaning and claims that the essence of truth can be transmitted without a physical medium.

A well-known Zen koan, “Sound of one hand clapping,” serves as a clear example of this dualistic perspective. The hearing of sound is a mental phenomenon, while the clapping is the physical action causing that sound. Zen practice often involves separating the mental faculty of hearing from the physical action of clapping, which can be seen as a form of dualism.

Non-Dualism in Zen Buddhism

Non-dualism is not only a philosophical concept but also a direct experience of reality. For many, it is an intrinsic aspect of existence, rather than a foreign concept. However, Zen Buddhism operates under a unique interpretation, maintaining a balance between non-dualism and dualism.

Principles of Zen Non-Dualism

The third patriarch of Zen, Sengcan, stated that “Two has its source in the One, but don’t hold fast to this One.” This principle highlights the concept of non-duality in Zen, where everything is interconnected yet not fixed in a single state. His own motto, “Not two, not one, not nought,” further emphasizes this fluid and dynamic interconnectedness.

Words, as a medium of expression, are inherently dualistic. However, the goal of Zen practice is not merely to communicate through dualistic means but to convey the essence of reality directly, transcending words and physical actions. This is evident in the seminal Zen poem "On Believing in Mind," which states, “In the higher realm of true Suchness, when direct identification is sought, we can only say, ‘This’.”

Conclusion

While Zen Buddhism is not strictly dualistic, it does incorporate elements of dualism, such as the emphasis on silent transmission and the separation of mental and physical aspects. Nonetheless, at its core, Zen is non-dualistic, focusing on the interconnectedness and direct experience of reality beyond words and physical forms.