How Does Blood Cancer Alter the Body’s Blood Composition?

Blood cancer, commonly referred to as leukaemia, significantly impacts the body's blood composition. This condition can alter the functions and characteristics of the blood, leading to various health complications. Understanding the different types of leukaemia and their effects on blood composition can provide valuable insights into the treatment and management of this disease.

Introduction to Leukaemia

Leukaemia is a type of blood cancer that affects the bone marrow, the soft tissue located inside bones, which is responsible for producing blood cells. This cancerous condition disrupts the normal production of blood cells, leading to a variety of health issues. The term 'leukaemia' comes from the Greek words "leukos," meaning white, and "haima," meaning blood, reflecting the disease's hallmark of abnormally high amounts of white blood cells in the blood.

The Types of Leukaemia

Acute Leukaemia

Acute leukaemia is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells, or blasts, in the bloodstream. This type of leukaemia can be further classified into two subtypes: myeloblastic and lymphoblastic.

Myeloblastic Leukaemia

Myeloblastic leukaemia refers to the type of acute leukaemia involving the myeloid cells, which are a type of white blood cell. This subtype can have several subtypes, including:

M1: Pure myeloid leukemia (no blast cells are left) M2: Myeloblastic leukemia with minimal differentiation M3: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (a subtype in which cells appear to be part way between blast and myeloblast) M4: Myelomonocytic leukemia (a mixture of myeloblasts and monoblasts) M5: Monoblastic leukemia (a subtype of blasts resembling macrophages)

Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

This subtype of acute leukaemia involves the lymphoid cells, a type of white blood cell. Lymphoblastic leukaemia can be subdivided into acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with lymphoblastic features.

Chronic Leukaemia

Chronic leukaemia develops more slowly and can be managed for a longer period. There are two main types of chronic leukaemia:

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)

CLL is a cancer of the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that develops in the bone marrow and progresses to affect the blood and lymph nodes. This type of leukaemia is characterized by a gradual increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood.

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)

CML is a cancer of the myeloid cells (white blood cells) that develops in the bone marrow. This type of leukaemia is marked by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality known as the Philadelphia chromosome, which can alter the blood composition in a unique way.

Impact on Blood Composition

Blood cancer, particularly leukaemia, significantly alters the blood composition by disrupting the normal levels and functions of blood cells. The primary changes include an increase in the number of immature and abnormal cells, a decrease in healthy red blood cells and platelets, and a reduction in the ability of blood to carry oxygen and clot properly. These changes can lead to various symptoms and complications, such as fatigue, paleness, increased risk of infections, easy bruising, and bleeding.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing leukaemia involves a series of tests, including blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies. Treatment options can vary depending on the type and stage of leukaemia and may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, and other supportive care measures.

Conclusion

Blood cancer, or leukaemia, is a significant health issue that impacts the body's blood composition in various ways. Understanding the different types of leukaemia and their effects on blood production and function is crucial for effective management and treatment. By recognizing the signs and symptoms, early diagnosis, and prompt medical intervention, individuals affected by leukaemia can improve their quality of life and increase their chances of successful recovery.